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Published on Jul 31, 2020
Long Term Experience and Health Significance of Virus Detection in Wastewater
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has recently gained global attention, since scientific reports indicate that the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is proportional to the number of COVID-19 patients in a sewershed. The study of viruses excreted in wastewater is not new and very valuable information has been obtained from other viruses in the past, analysing their molecular epidemiology and the geographical distribution. This experience can be reviewed as a reference for the analysis of the data that is being produced on SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and for designing future strategies for the study of the epidemiology of COVID-19 and other viral infections.
This webinar has been organized by the IWA Specialist Group on Health-Related Water Microbiology (HRWM SG) and the IWA COVID-19 Task Force, the latter being set up in April 2020. During the webinar, specialist panelists provided updated information about WBE for SARS-CoV-2 and other important viral water pathogens, including poliovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A and E and norovirus. This webinar had a global audience with an interest in learning about how to investigate viruses in wastewater and gain epidemiology-related data from wastewater and environmental water monitoring.
The panelists presented and discussed with the audience the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as an early warning system for public health. The webinar was moderated by Prof. Rosina Girones from the University of Barcelona in Spain and in the discussion also collaborated with Ricardo Santos from Instituto Superior Técnico in Portugal. The panelists included: Prof. John Scott Meschke from the University of Washington, USA; Dr. Ana Maria de Roda Husman who works at RIVM in The Netherlands; Prof. Verónica Rajal from the University of Salta but who is also a researcher at CONICET in Argentina and Assoc. Prof. Daisuke Sano from Tohoku University in Japan.
Opening the session, Prof. John Scott Meschke discussed the lessons learnt from the surveillance of poliovirus in wastewater and how these can be applied to monitoring SARS-Cov-2. He explained the following:
Dr. Ana Maria de Roda Husman further discussed environmental surveillance of SARS-Cov-2 in wastewater and offered insights where this has been carried out in The Netherlands. She highlighted the following:
Prof. Verónica Rajal presented on the presence of viruses as contaminants in river water and how this is impacted by wastewater. Specifically, she discussed the following:
Assoc. Prof. Daisuke Sano described the experience in environmental surveillance systems for norovirus and alert systems based on norovirus concentration in wastewater and highlighted that there are at least three challenges that can be overcome by wastewater-based epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 with these being the early warning of epidemics, the infection number projection, and the declaration of the epidemics end.
In summary, methods for the environmental monitoring or viruses are available and although there is still the need of optimization of methods for SARS-CoV-2, simple and low-cost protocols have been described that are also applicable in low-income countries. Research is going on to use wastewater-based epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 for the infection number projection, however still more research is needed, and the application should be probably site-specific.